For chromium labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 120 μg, but as of it was revised to 35 μg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). Chromium is the only mineral for which the United States and the European Union disagree on essentiality. The EFSA does not consider chromium to be an essential nutrient, and so has not set PRIs, AIs or ULs. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. Japan designate chromium as an essential nutrient, identifying 10 μg/day as an Adequate Intake for adults. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). In the case of chromium there is not yet enough information and hence no UL. As for safety, the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. For infants to children ages 1–13 years the AI increases with age from 0.2 to 25 μg/day. For men ages 14 and up 35 μg/day up to age 50 and 30 μg/day for older. The current AIs for chromium for women ages 14 and up is 25 μg/day up to age 50 and 20 μg/day for older. For chromium there was not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so needs are described as estimates for Adequate Intakes (AIs). Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for chromium in 2001. Before chromium became a standard ingredient in total parenteral nutrition (TPN), people receiving TPN as their sole source of nutrition developed symptoms that were reversed within two weeks of chromium being added. Diagnosis Īccording to the Dietary Reference Intake review, neither plasma nor urine concentrations can serve as useful clinical indicators of chromium status. The claimed symptoms of chromium deficiency caused by long-term total parenteral nutrition are severely impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy and confusion. Reviews report the changes as modest, and without scientific consensus that the changes have a clinically relevant impact. Dietary supplements containing chromium are widely available in the United States, with claims for benefits for fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C and weight loss. Whereas the authorities in the European Union do not recognize chromium as an essential nutrient, those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex. The essentiality of chromium has been challenged. Cases of deficiency were described in people who received all of their nutrition intravenously for long periods of time. Chromium was first proposed as an essential element for normal glucose metabolism in 1959, and was widely accepted as being such by the 1990s. Chromium deficiency is described as the consequence of an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral chromium.
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