Whenever required a repeat sample can also be easily obtained, is suitable to all age groups, can screen large populations and can be used as a diagnostic medium and thus, is considered as a boon to patients suffering from clotting disorders such as hemophilia and in patients with compromised venous access. The potential of saliva as a diagnostic aid has attracted the attention because of its virtue of being non-invasive in nature, relative simplicity of collection, economic procedure that can be performed by the patient with minimal involvement of medical personnel. As blood is the most common sample in clinical chemistry for identification of diseases and to follow progress of affected individuals under medical treatment, similar use has been envisioned for saliva. Hence, a simple diagnostic test that provides a reliable evaluation of disease status and stages and is of value to both clinicians and patients is required. Collection of blood for serum analysis is an invasive technique and thus, causes anxiety and discomfort to patients due to blood loss from frequent blood sampling and thereby potentially increases the risk for patients as well as health care professionals to blood borne diseases. Urea and creatinine are good indicators of a normal functioning kidney and increase in the serum are indications of kidney dysfunction BUN and serum creatinine are widely accepted and most commonest parameters to assess renal functions. Creatinine tests diagnose impaired renal function and measure the amount of creatinine phosphate in blood. BUN is an indirect and rough measurement of renal function that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in blood and is directly related to excretory function of kidney. Blood tests for Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) which is a major nitrogenous end product of protein and amino acid catabolism and creatinine which is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle are excreted by kidneys. Instead of urine analysis which is relatively discomforting for patient, serum analysis of renal function markers like urea, creatinine, uric acid and electrolytes are used routinely. īiochemical markers play an important role in accurate diagnosis and in assessing risk and adopting therapy to improve clinical outcome. The objectives of early diagnosis is identification of asymptomatic disease at that time when intervention has a reasonable potential of a positive impact on outcome. Studies conducted on renal patients revealed that up to 90% were found to have oral symptoms of uremia like ammonia like taste and smell, stomatitis, gingivitis, decreased salivary flow, xerostomia and parotitis. It has been estimated that approximately 25-40% of diabetic and hypertensive patients usually develop CKD (Nephropathy). Systolic blood pressure is more strongly associated with cardiovascular death in dialysis patients than diastolic or pulse pressure. It also contributes to cardiovascular risk associated with CKD. The prevalence of hypertension is reported to range between 20-40% in urban adults and 12-17% among rural adults. It is associated with adverse outcomes in all stages of CKD. India has highest number of diabetics in the world having a prevalence of 3.8% in rural and 11.8% in urban adults. CKD is heading towards becoming a major health problem and is rapidly assuming epidemic proportions globally. It is a condition where the kidneys lose their normal function, especially excretory and regulatory functions which can be due to infections, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, hypertension, cancer and toxic chemicals. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive reduction in renal function.
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